Symptoms And Treatment Of Parkinson s Disease - 1762 Words

â€Å"Your 35-year-old spouse has been diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease†. These words hit home when dealing with a spouse. Question’s start to fly with what Parkinson’s disease really entails. Like any other disease, each case is different from the next, but it all comes down to a gradual decrease in the range of muscle movement. When diagnosed, patients with PD have already lost and are still loosing nerve cells that produce dopamine and since dopamine helps control the movement of muscles it hinders the ability to regulate more and more movement over time. Parkinson’s disease is not just a gradual decrease in the range of muscle movement; it also creates problems with non-motor abilities. It creates symptoms of poor sleep, inability†¦show more content†¦And ultimately, will Parkinson’s disease speed up time in a sense of the grim reaper coming much faster than wanted or expected before the diagnostic of having Parkinsonâ₠¬â„¢s disease? Even though those answers do not have definite â€Å"no† or â€Å"yes† answers, a family, spouse, or friend can plan for the worst and strive for the best outcomes for a person with Parkinson’s Disease. In a situation like this a case study was performed with a psychologist and a wife of a 35-year-old man who was just diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. The actions of the wife and her children are recorded for researching purposes: The psychologist meets the wife and kids for the first time. The wife tells the psychologist their situation, â€Å" My 35-year-old husband has just been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and I have no idea on what to expect, do, or how to handle it.† The psychologist proceeds to inform the wife and her children about how, in time, the husband’s movement of his head to his feet will ceased to control them. Also the psychologist states that she will not be able to predict the future event s that will occur, but she will be able to help cope with the difficulties they may face and develop coping strategies that are suitable for them as a family. With that incite in fresh in their minds they make another appointment. The psychologist and the family meet again, this time the husband is starting to show minor symptoms of having Parkinson’s

In The Fall Of 2016, Covergirl Released A New Campaign

In the fall of 2016, CoverGirl released a new campaign for a mascara called â€Å"So Lashy†. This mascaras key point was that it was designed to work on all types of lashes, keyword all, so why not have a male represent the diversity this mascara offered? James Charles, a 17 year old high-schooler from New York became the first male ever to be a â€Å"cover girl†, and has been one of the first males to be publicly recognized for his makeup abilities. James started learning about makeup after his friends requested him do their hair for events. After a few years James set up an Instagram to model some of the looks he created and shortly after created a YouTube for tutorials; he currently has 90,000 subscribers on YouTube and 650,000 on Instagram ().†¦show more content†¦But that’s not the way we are choosing to raise you.† and that it was â€Å"sinful and wrong. He shouldn’t be doing that, and his parents are wrong† (yahoo). This topic of children and parents seems to be the underlying issue behind all that oppose of James’s choices. The idea of raising children according to their gender, and more specifically, the devaluation of femininity and homosexuality, is the main focus to the entire backlash argument and is always centered around the parents of the child. A study was preformed by Emily W. Kane, focusing on the responses of parents toward their preschooler’s gender non-conformity. The studies concluded that girls were more likely to be praised for non-conforming to their gender, to act more like boys at their age, but young boys were more policed on staying within their gender. Most Parents tried to discourage their sons from feminine clothing’s, toys, or activities; â€Å"He’s asked about wearing girl clothes before, and I said no. . . . He likes pink, and I try not to encourage him to like pink just because, you know, he’s not a girl† one mother stated (Kane). Fathers in particular seemed to be even more negative about their sons displaying femininity, as Kane states that fathers may â€Å" feel a since of responsibility towards crafting their sons masculinity† (Kane). In one video centered around the opposition of James, a pastor brought up

The name of the organization is Microcel Ltd Free Essays

The name of the organization is Microcel Ltd. Previously it had been in the business of selling computer hardware. Currently it has been developing business applications software in the field of human resource management. We will write a custom essay sample on The name of the organization is Microcel Ltd or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are three areas in the company where cost control has become a concern. One is the shared usage of the printer. Another is the shared usage of the stationary. The third area of concern is the shared usage of company transportation. In the company income statements, all three cost categories are classified as overhead and deducted from revenue lump sum. However recently the company has been experiencing increasing costs in all three areas and therefore the management has decided to investigate. The investigation could be simplified if the management were to use activity based costing. In trying to identify which operational processes are responsible for increasing costs, it is useful to look at the different departmental processes. At Microcel, there are six departments: system design, programming, testing, multimedia development and graphics design, marketing and sales, administration. The company is using two network printers and all six departments are sharing those printers. Printing costs have been rising in the last 1 year. Therefore the management has to find out if there is any one particular department which is responsible for increasing costs. Once that department has been identified, necessary cost controls could be initiated. In apportioning costs of the printers to each of the departments, it is necessary to apply activity based costing. In this case the resource is the printer. The resource driver could be the amount of ink used by the department in a particular time period which could be one month. The activity could be the printing while the activity driver would be the number of pages printed. The cost object in this illustration is each of the six departments. Therefore, if the printers run out of ink twice a month, then the cartridges have to be changed 24 times in a year. Activity based costing would enable the management the assign total yearly costs of changing cartridges to each of the departments as below. Assuming that it takes $29 to change one cartridge, the total cost of changing cartridges in a year is $696. The next phase of the calculations is to determine how many pages have been printed in a year and of that total number of pages, how many were printed by each of the departments. If there were a total of 7200 pages printed in a year and of those 7200 pages, 1200 were printed by the programming department, then this department has incurred the yearly printing cost of $116 (($696/7200)*1200). In this manner, the remaining portions of the $696 dollars could be assigned to each of the departments and the department which has been experiencing rising costs could be identified. Costs in shared stationary have also been rising. Under the heading of stationary, many items are included. The principal items are printing paper, pens, pencils and markers. There are six departments which are using these categories of stationary. Depending on the level of detail required in the investigation, activity based costing could be applied to each category of stationary as applicable to each department or, if that level of detail is not required, activity based costing could be applied to the stationary category as a whole as applicable to each department. Assuming that activity based costing is applied to the category of stationary as a whole as applicable to each department, Then stationary as a whole would be regarded as the resource. Resource drivers would be the pens, pencils, markers and printing paper. Activities may be the number of requisitions for stationary submitted by the departments. Activity drivers would be the number of requisitions submitted in the given time period. The cost object is each of the departments. For illustration purposes, the programming department consumes four pens, four pencils, four markers and hundred pages of printing paper in each month. Assuming prices of pens, pencils, markers and printing paper to be $1, $.5, $1.2 and $.01 respectively, cost of stationary applicable to the programming department is $110.8 in each month. In a year, the total cost comes to $1329.6. If the total cost of all stationary purchased in a year is $10000 then the programming department accounts for 13% of that cost. Therefore if the total cost of processing requisitions from all six departments in a year is $8000, then the amount of costs to be assigned to the programming department is $1040 (8000*13%). In the case of transportation expenses, the resource would be the company car. Resource driver would be the amount of gasoline expended on the car. Activities would be requisitions for refueling and the activity driver the number of requisitions submitted. If the programming department has spent $1000 in a year in gasoline expenses and the total amount expended for all departments is $8000, then the programming department is responsible for 12% of the cost. If the total cost of processing transportation requisitions is $10000 in a year, the cost to be assigned to the programming department is 12% of $10000 = $1200. The three illustrations above demonstrate how activity based costing could be applied to Microcel. References Atkinson, Anthony A., et al. (2006). Management Accounting. McGraw Hill/Irwin. Horngren, Charles T., et al. (2006). Introduction to Management Accounting. Prentice Hall. Hansen, Don R., et al. (2007). Cost Management: Accounting Control. Prentice Hall. How to cite The name of the organization is Microcel Ltd, Papers

International Law a different point of view Essay Example For Students

International Law a different point of view Essay International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been grantedinternational personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normativecharacter, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after WorldWar II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states:The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of The commands of internat ional law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to thecommands that they will follow. It is a direct expression of raison detat, the interests of the state, and aims to serve the state, aswell as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which areThe case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UNs contribution to the development of international law. Its judgementsand advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the widerimplications of its methodology and reasoning. The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJpursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland, 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed:It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment of the living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atla ntic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal States preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes. The Courts judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in a special situation with its population dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to recogn ise that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy of the requirement of conservation based on scientific data. The exercise of preferential rights of the coastal state, as well as the hisoric rights of other states dependent on the same fishing grounds, have to be subject to the overriding consideration of proper conservation of the fishery resources for the benefit of all concerned. Some cases in which sanctions are threatened, however, see no actual implementation. The United States, for example, did not impose measures on those Latin American states that nationalized privately owned American property, despite legislation that authorizes the President to discontinue aid in the absence of adequate compensation. Enforcement measures are not the sole means of UN sanction. Skeptics of the coercive theory of international law note thatforceful sanctions through the United Nations are limited to situations involving threats to the peace, breaches of peace, and actsof aggressiion. In all other instances of noncompliance of international law, the charters own general provisions outlawing thethreat or use of force actually prevent forceful sanction. Those same skeptics regard this as an appropriate paradox in a decentralized state system of international politics. Nonetheless, other means of collective sanction through the UN involve diplomatic intervention and In 1967 the Security Council decided to isolate Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) for its policy of racial separation following its unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. As in other cases of economic sanctions, effectiveness in the Rhodesian situation was limited by the problems of achieving universal participation, and the res istance of national elites to external coercion. With respect to universal participation, even states usually sympathetic to Britains policy demonstrated weak compliance. The decentralization of sanctions remains one of the major weaknesses of international law. Although international bodiessometimes make decisions in the implementation of sanctions, member states must implement them. The states are the importers and exporters in the international system. They command industrial economies and the passage of goods across national boundaries. Furthermore, the UN is wholly dependent on its members on operating funds, so no matter what decisional authority its membersgive it, its ability to take action not only depends on its decision but also on means. Without the support, the wealth and the materialassistance of national governments, the UN is incapable of effective sanctions. The resistance of governments to a financially independent UN arises principally on their insistence on maintaining control over sanctioning processes in international politics. Nelson Mandela EssayThe Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal States preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes. The Courts judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in a special situation with its population dependent on those fisheries. Moreover, the Court proceeds further to recognise that the law pertaining to fisheries must accept the primacy of the requirement of conservati on based on scientific data. The exercise of preferential rights of the coastal state, as well as the hisoric rights of other states dependent on the same fishing grounds, have to be subject to the overriding consideration of proper conservation of the fishery resources for the benefit of all concerned. Some cases in which sanctions are threatened, however, see no actual implementation. The United States, for example, did not impose measures on those Latin American states that nationalized privately owned American property, despite legislation that authorizes the President to discontinue aid in the absence of adequate compensation. Enforcement measures are not the sole means of UN sanction. Skeptics of the coercive theory of international law note thatforceful sanctions through the United Nations are limited to situations involving threats to the peace, breaches of peace, and actsof aggressiion. In all other instances of noncompliance of international law, the charters own general provisions outlawing thethreat or use of force actually prevent forceful sanction. Those same skeptics regard this as an appropriate paradox in a decentralized state system of international politics. Nonetheless, other means of collective sanction through the UN involve diplomatic intervention and economic sanctions. In 1967 the Security Council decided to isolate Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) for its policy of racial separation following its unilateral declaration of independence from Britain. As in other cases of economic sanctions, effectiveness in the Rhodesian situation was limited by the problems of achieving universal participation, and the resistance of national elites to external coercion. With respect to universal participation, even states usually sympathetic to Britains policy demonstrated weak compliance. The decentralization of sanctions remains one of the major weaknesses of international law. Although international bodiessometimes make decisions in the implementation of sanctions, member states must implement them. The states are the importers and exporters in the international system. They command industrial economies and the passage of goods across national boundaries. Furthermore, the UN is wholly dependent on its members on operating funds, so no matter what decisional authority its membersgive it, its ability to take action not only depends on its decision but also on means. Without the support, the wealth and the materialassistance of national governments, the UN is incapable of effective sanctions. The resistance of governments to a financially independent UN arises principally on their insistence on maintaining control over sanctioning processes in international politics. Despite sweeping language regarding threats to peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression, the role of the UnitedNationsin the enforcement of international law is quite limited. Indeed the purpose of the UN is not to enforce international law, but to preserve, restore and ensure political peace and security. The role of the Security Council is to enforce that part of international law that is either created or encompassed by the Charter of the United Nations. When aggression occurs, the members of the Council may decide politically but are not obliged legally to undertake collective action that will have sanctioning result. In instances of threats to or breaches of the peace short of war, they may decide politically to take anticipatory action short of force. Moreover, it is for the members of the Security Council to determine when a threat to peace, a breach of peace, or an act of aggression has occured. Even thi determination is made on political rather than legal crite ria. The Security Council may have a legal basis for acting, but self-interst determines how each of it members votes, irrespective of how close toaggression the incident at issue may be. Hence by virtue of both its constitutional limitations and the exercise of sovereign prerogatives by its members, the security councils role as a sanctioning device in international law is sharply restricted. As the subject matter of the law becomes more politicized, states are less willing to enter into formal regulation, or do so only with loopholes for escape from apparent constraints. In this area, called the law of community, governments are generally less willingto sacrifice their soverein liberties. In a revolutionary international system where change is rapid and direction unclear, the integrity of the law of community is weak, and compliance of its often flaccid norms is correspondingly uncertain. The law of the political framework resides above these other two levels and consists of the legal norms governing the ultimatepower relations of states. This is the most politicized level of international relations; hence pertinent law is extremely primitive. Those legal norms that do exist suffer from all the political machinations of the states who made them. States have taken care tosee that their behaviour is only minimally constrained; the few legal norms they have created always provide avenues of escape such as the big-power veto in the UN Security Council. Despite the many failures and restrictions of international law, material interdpendence, especially among the states of equivalent power, may foster the growth of positive legal principles. In addition, as friendships and emnities change,, some bilateral law may cease to be observed among new emnities, but new law may arise among new friends who have newfound mutual interests. In the meantime, some multicultural law may have been developed. Finally, research suggests that the social effects of industrialization are universal and that they result in intersocial tolerances that did not exist during periods of disparate economic capability. On social, political, ane economic grounds, therefore, international law is intrinsic to the transformation and modernization of the international system, even though the law of the political context has remained so far.

Immediate environment Essay Essay Example

Immediate environment Essay Essay The human status nowadayss us with ineluctable troubles which. in bend. necessitate us to do personal picks. The capacity to do a pick and its corresponding duties render brooding thought as constitutive of what it means to be a human being and what it means to be a Self. It is in this witting activity of doing a pick that the will makes itself manifest. In a sense. a pick is an look of one’s will. of one’s subjectiveness. For Kierkegaard ( 1999 ) . this subjectiveness constitutes the singularity of the individual’s being. Kierkegaard provides us with an thought of how to near the job of being. that is. by concentrating our attending to the concrete person who makes personal picks and acts out on these picks. He breaks off from the ancient Greeks’ utmost accent on reason and objectiveness and its general jobs. This is apparent in his critical assessment of the Grecian calamity. He claims. â€Å"The ground is of class to be found in the fact that in the ancient universe subjectiveness was non to the full witting and reflective† ( Kierkegaard. 1992. p. 142 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Immediate environment Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Immediate environment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Immediate environment Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He goes on to add. â€Å"Even though the single moved freely. he still depended on significant classs. on province. household. and destiny† ( Kierkegaard. 1992. p. 142 ) . This is another manner of saying that even if the ego can see the province of freedom and in fact realize this freedom by portraying its capacity to execute independent Acts of the Apostless. the ego continues to be affected by the factors in its immediate environment. Kierkegaard’s amplification sheds light on the importance of reliable pick in footings of bring forthing our construct of selfhood. In the instance of the tragic hero. the fatalistic mentality of the ancient Greeks can convey serious uncertainties on the inquiry sing the genuineness of the tragic hero’s picks. Given that the person can non truly disassociate himself off from significant classs. how can we set up that it is the person who defines himself and non the other manner around? Choice is an built-in facet of Kierkegaard’s gradual development of the Self. It is of import to observe that the development of the Self is gradual as it goes through certain phases where the quality of one’s being is improved via an act of pick. This is to state that the person and his construct of the Self ascend from one phase to another. Such Ascension indicates that the person is in the procedure of realization. For Kierkegaard ( 1992 ) . the aesthetic phase is a phase where one’s sense of the Self is governed by the animal. urges and emotions. This phase presents the person with an semblance of freedom. In kernel though. the aesthetic phase. although apparently attractive. is in world. destructive. He claims. â€Å"We said that every aesthetic life-view was desperation ; this was because it was built upon what may or may non be† ( Kierkegaard. 1992. p. 525 ) . These are the grounds as to why the aesthetic phase can non take to a progressive realization of the person. Apparently. it is besides the attraction and the emptiness of the sort of life in the aesthetic phase which leads the person to exceed animal being and ascend to the ethical phase. From reading Kierkegaard. it seems to me that the significant distinction between the aesthetic and the ethical person/stage remainders on the is-ought differentiation. Kierkegaard claims. â€Å"The aesthetic factor in a individual is that by which he is instantly what he is ; the ethical factor is that by which he becomes what he becomes† ( 1992. p. 492 ) . The ethical individual is. hence. a individual who subscribes to the demands of ground ; and the ethical life is a life devoted to the chase of moral goodness. It is. nevertheless. of import to observe that Kierkegaard’s phrase â€Å"by which he becomes what he becomes† implies both committedness and pick on the portion of the person. The difference between Descartes and Kierkegaard is. at this point. really obvious. Descartes focal points on the expansive jobs of cosmopolitan import. such as being in its cosmopolitan sense. Kierkegaard ( 1992 ) . on the other manus. focal points on the concrete person and his concrete being. In the terminal. it can be said that the construct of the Self is a merchandise of the concrete picks of the person as they present themselves in the class of the individual’s being. The realization of one’s Self requires something more than pick. that is. action. Aside from action. something more is required. that is. perpetrating oneself to the pick that he makes and his actions as a merchandise of one’s rational deliberation. Reference Kierkegaard. S. ( 1992 ) . Either/or: a fragment of life. London: Penguin.

Free Essays on Adolesent Depression

The under acknowledged disease called depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youth’s aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Recent studies have shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression. Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly under diagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment, which may often continue, into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders in children and when should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents are because â€Å"children are not always able to express how they feel.† Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the â€Å"challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm.† Therefore, diagnosis should not lie only in the physician’s hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery... Free Essays on Adolesent Depression Free Essays on Adolesent Depression The under acknowledged disease called depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youth’s aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Recent studies have shown that greater than 20% of adolescents in the general population have emotional problems and one-third of adolescents attending psychiatric clinics suffer from depression. Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly under diagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment, which may often continue, into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders in children and when should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents are because â€Å"children are not always able to express how they feel.† Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the â€Å"challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm.† Therefore, diagnosis should not lie only in the physician’s hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery...

The four most significant concepts learn in HRM 6603 Research Paper

The four most significant concepts learn in HRM 6603 - Research Paper Example Under this situation it is important to introduce a legal framework to bind the activities of the employees within the organization and to increase their productivity in work. Feedbacks and evaluation of performance from time to time is very essential to keep the human resources on their toes. The compensation of the employee reflects his value to an organization and hence this is another aspect within the jurisdiction of the human resource management. The paper highlights these four concepts, strategic HRM, Performance management system, legal framework and compensation. Strategic HRM Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) can be recognized as one of the most empowering and significant ideas to have emerged in the trade management field for the last quarter of the century. Policy makers of state levels have long been arguing about the thought regarding conceptualizing promotion of â€Å"high performance workplaces† and â€Å"human capital management†. (Greame, Stor ey, Billsberry, 2005, pp.1-2). SHRM can be regarded as a process of linking human resources with strategic aims in a bid to substantially perk up business- related performance and grow a unique organizational culture that initiates innovation, flexibility and competitive gains. SHRM provides path to building the basis of a long term strategic advantage by creation of effective organizational skill structures and mechanisms, culture, value proposition of the available human resources, a proper communication strategy and preparing an efficient team trained for ups and downs which include mergers and acquisitions. In a more descriptive and theoretical light, strategic management is like a cycle wherein various activities are constantly taking place and are dependent upon one another. This cycle can be sub categorized into five steps: 1. Goals and mission: The first step of a strategic management model initiates with senior managers of an organization evaluating their current position i n relation to the current missions and goals of the organization. Mission explains the values and aspirations of the organization; it is the organization’s main motive and indicates the future directions of the senior management levels. Goals are the desired end results sought through the outcome of the operating methods of the organization and are described mainly in short- run perspectives (Bratton, n.d., pp.40-41).     Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Analysis of environment: It looks at the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization and looks for external threats and opportunities. The most crucial factors to an organization’s future is referred to as strategic factors  summarized by the acronym SWOT-Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (Bratton, n.d., p.40) 3. Formulation of strategy: This involves evaluation of the interaction between strategic factors and formulating strategic choices to lead the managers to achieve organizational goals (Bratton, n.d., p.41 ). 4. Strategy implementation: This area of activity focuses on techniques implemented by the managers to execute their strategies. It mainly deals with the organizational formation, leadership styles, information-control systems and human resource management, leadership being the most difficult part of implementation (Bratton, n.d., p.41). 5. Evaluation of the implemented strategy: This activity helps determine the extent of real performance and change matching the desired

Role of Men and Women in the work force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Role of Men and Women in the work force - Essay Example In essence, both men and women have had differential work roles in the recent past and credit must be given to the organizational top heads who have realized that it is good to assign tasks based on the competence of individuals, who work for the sake of the organization in the long term. The role of both men and women has drastically changed and the middle tier also needs to be appreciated for the efforts brought forward by the management studies. Therefore productivity comes out as the eventual winner and the organization starts earning respect within the industrial domains. It is indeed an encouraging sign that both men and women are now being treated uniformly – an aspect which used to lack quite a lot a decade back. One can hope that there would be further pragmatic changes in the coming times as well. The need is to have proper arrangements which will help solve the problems in a localized manner, i.e. organization to organization

THE DEATH OF CHRIST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE DEATH OF CHRIST - Essay Example It begun after the Last Supper with his twelve disciples, when the apostle Judas Escariot betrayed him, the Jews accusing him of blasphemy. It was his own people who brought him to Pontius Pilate, a Roman leader to be punished and crucified in Nazareth between two convicted thieves. Christ death is very important especially to the Christians, as it depicts how their Messiah have come to the world to redeem men of all the evil of sins through his sinless blood and sacrifice. We are all born of original sin, since the fall of Adam and Eve. Through Christ’s death, we are saved of such original sin. He is the â€Å"lamb of God that takes away the sins of the world† (John 1:36). He had to suffer a painful death in order that men would appreciate the salvation and the love of God for us, that he was willing to give up His only son in order to save us. He was scorned, beaten, spitted on by the people of Nazareth and the Romans, in so that in every violent act of man on the inn ocent Christ, such sin was forgiven upon his death. We see in this the violence of our own sins upon the life of one who was innocent. Taking every pain and insult humbly, as he accepts the sin of men in order to save them, who did not believe in Him.

Impairment is a physical fact, but disability is a social construction

Impairment is a physical fact, but disability is a social construction Intro This essay will discuss disability as a socially constructed concept, as viewed from a historical viewpoint the first as a physical fact and the second as socially constructed condition. The manner by which this will done is to investigate disability from an historical viewpoint and the socially constructed viewpoint, this will concluded in an evaluation. Oliver (1996) defines impairment as lacking part of or all of a limb, or having a defective limb, organ or mechanism of the body. And disability as the disadvantage of activity (Oliver 1996:22). Barnes (1991) suggests that disability is a recently modern term used to describe a system in which society discriminates by enforcing social restrictions on people with impairments. It would be almost impossible to go back in time and identify when exactly society began to discriminate against people with impairments. Although it has been suggested that societys view of impairment and disability came about as a result of peoples psychological fear of the unknown. As the perception of what is normal is transmitted by accepted values and beliefs through learning and culture from other people in society. (Douglas, 1966) Historians have found evidence from ancient times that suggests different societies generated their own ideological thoughts through out history, about people who suffered impairment. In Israel a 46,000 year old skeleton of a man was found, which showed he was born with an impairment that would have required the support from his society through out his life. This individual had severe impairment and yet his survival was the result of respect from his society (Rudgley, 2000) however not all societies had the same ideological responses to impairment. An excavated burial site (c.100, 000BC) in Turkey demonstrated how an individual with a hunched back was dumped on a rubbish tip, instead of being buried the traditional way as society viewed him as an outcast. (Rudgley, 2000) giving an early example of someone with a physical impairment being isolated from society. It was during the industrialization of 19th century that an extreme policy of exclusion was envisioned by segregating people with impairments from society by placing them in institutions. The term institution is used to describe a number of social organisations that range from hospitals, asylums, workhouses and prisons that use organized long term provision in a residential setting with the emphasis being on care treatment or custody (Jones and Fowles, 1984) Institutions were first established to deal with the problem of mental defectives these were people with learning disabilities and mental illness. As previously Individuals who had severe impairments were taken into small medieval hospitals where the sick or bedridden were kept. The philosophy of these hospitals was religious based, seeking to care than to cure. (Skull, 1984) However this philosophy changed as the institutions were built with the belief that people with learning disabilities could be educated and trained and then let back in to society once rehabilitated. (Race,1995) As prior to industrialisation people with learning disabilities had managed to cope in society by doing simple manual work, as literacy and numeracy were only prerequisites of the higher classes. Until industrialization brought a faster work pace and created a new bourgeoisie based on a persons position in society and their individual attributes, (Hobsbawm 1962) resulting in the social exclusion of people with learning disabilities. (Skull 1979) Therefore capitalism was a way of controlling and giving discipline to individuals who could not obey the rules of new working practices. Therefore to enforce greater control there was a increase in institutions and asylums (Skull, 1979) there was an increasing fear that people with learning disabilities were contributing to the degeneration of society, therefore the regimes within the institutions were in place to contain people than reform them. The reason for people with learning disabilities being segregated from people in society was through the negative image given by labelling that resulted in stigmatisation. As in the first half of the century people classed as learning disabled were labelled idiot (very severe) imbecile (severe) feebleminded (less severe) other derogatory labels used were moron and moral defective. Even at the present time people with learning disabilities are still being stigmatised through labelling, that resulted from the past. As the term mental handicap to classify people with learning disabilities gives the illusion of mental illness, and the term handicap gives an image of a person with a cap in their hand begging and depending on the charity of others. The terms idiot and imbecile are labels still used to describe people in language used today. Indeed it was not the view that people with learning disabilities were a financial burden to society that was seen as a threat, but the way that they b red and spread the ills of society that caused concern for people. As it was believed that people who referred to as feebleminded were the cause of many problems in society such as prostitution, alcoholism and crime. It was this negative image of labelling learning disabilities that would lead the way for the science of eugenics. (Borsay, 2005) It is Francis Galton (1883) who is recognized as being the founding father of eugenics, which was defined as a science of improving inborn human qualities through selective breeding. (Galton, 1883) this meant only the most desirable people in society were allowed to procreate. This idea was to prove popular with social thinkers and politicians of the time and attracted approval from many people in society. Policies were made as a result and one such policy was that sterilizing or segregating people with learning difficulties was much lower than, the higher cost that society would accrue in supporting generations of defectives in the future. (Larson,1995) showing how easy it was for social policy makers to be persuaded into making policies based on welfare costs with little regard on how it would effect people with learning disabilities . (Porter 2000) Even the nazi doctors under Hitlers command committed genocide by measuring disabled peoples lives in term of economic importance. (Burleigh 1994) Medical professionals took part in the operation of the Nazi eugenic programmes (Lifton, 1986) that lead to people with impairments being sterilized against their wishes and resulted in the death of 2000,000 to 275,000 the majority of which had learning disabilities. (burleig 1994) Pfeifler (2000) argues that even at present, the classifications of the medical model in disability still occupy the eugenic agenda (Priestly) As ground breaking advances in science and medicine gave medical professions the power to dictate in the lives of people with impairments. With Genetic screening being seen as favorable in choice and cost effective, as the cost of genetic screening and abortion is cheaper to perform than the long term cost of supporting people with defective impairments. (Vintzileos et al, 1998) The medical model has been highly influential on setting the parameters for how people with impairments were treated by society. As Chernovsky (1997) states that research carried out into intelligence was one way in which psychologists helped maintain the status quo in society, by creating social inequality. This can be seen in the intelligence tests that were used to decide whether an individual was incapable of living in society. These tests made little attempt at assessing an individuals capabilities, by getting the individual to distinguish the difference between a fly and butterfly or how many feathers were on a chicken or how many miles it was to America (National Council for Civil Liberties, 1951; Potts and Fido, 1991) this test made sure that the doctor could certify the individual as being incapable and institutionalise them for not being able to answer. In the second half of the century a transformation came about that changed how society viewed a person with learning disabilities. During the 1950s the effects of war and polio epidemics highlighted the inequalities faced by people with disabilities, this led to the development and campaigning of human and rights movements as well as policies to combat these inequalities, including the European Convention of Human Rights 1950. Sociological studies were carried out and gave evidence to show that people with learning disabilities who had been lock away in institutions away from society, did have intellectual and social capabilities necessary to live in the community and that institution life was blocking this ability. (Race,1995) Tizard and OConnor (1952) discovered from their research that people with learning disabilities living in institutions who had been previously labelled as being unemployable did have the essential skills required to complete a job in a work environment. Clarke and Clarke (1959) found evidence that the environment had an effect on a persons performance, and the poor conditions inside institutions had a bad effect on the people living within them. Goffman coined the term total institutions to describe where people are cut off from the offside world and from family and friends. Procedures involve calling people inmates and humiliating them by removing their personal identity and by using a system of punishments and rewards. As well showing that people behave in accordance to label assigned to them, if people are labelled deviant, they will become deviant, and this in turn reinforces the beliefs up held by society about people with learning disabilities. The studies showed the damaging effects that institutions had on the development of the individual and in the 1960s a number of academic reports were published that detailed findings of research carried out into the conditions of institutions. The most renowned of these was the Report of the Committee of Enquiry into Ely Hospital (Howe Report, 1969). The report described the impoverished and neglected living conditions, as well as lack of privacy that people with learning disabilities suffered from under the custodial regime carried out by staff. Due to public opinion the above reports resulted in a change in the law, the new Mental Health Act (1959) changed the certified term mental deficiency to mental subnormality this meant that most people with learning disabilities who were not being detained for a legitimate reason were free to leave and could return to the community. (Clarke 1983) The introduction of White Paper Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped in 1971 led to a 50% reduction in hospital places by 1991 and led to the provision of local authority-based residential and day care. It also called for an end to custodial methods of care in hospitals and recommended the re-training of hospital staff. In 1979, The Jay Report re-emphasised the need for local authority-led care and, importantly, a service philosophy based on the principles of normalisation. In the 1980s, this was redefined as social role valorisation to include reference to strategies used in the creation, support and defence of valued social roles for people at risk of devaluation (Wolfensberger, 1998). In the UK, the principles of normalisation adopted were those interpreted by OBrien and Tyne (1981) as the five service accomplishments. These have become the developmental goals which organisations then and now strive towards A new philosophy was constructed that emphasised care in the community this change resulted in the closure of all the old asylums. Community care was designed to bring about positive changes, these were governmental values aimed at allowing people with learning disabilities to live on their own, in their neighbourhood with services to support them. The government hoped to develop community based services made up of day centres, supported accommodation, support workers, training and employment, these services were to help people with learning disabilities be included into society. The development of care in the community was result of reforms introduced by the Conservative government

The End of Play Essay -- Article Review, Marie Winn

Long gone are the days of playing kickball and flying kites in the park on a Saturday afternoon. Children of today's society would most likely prefer staying inside playing Guitar Hero on their Xboxes or watching the latest episodes of their favorite television show during their free time. The time for imaginative and physical play is slowly being pushed to the side as the years pass by, and room is being made for empty, redundant television shows and video games. The essence of childhood play is gradually diminishing as today's society encourages the idea of growing up as quickly as possible. In the process of allowing children to indulge in as much television and video games as they please, the problem of childhood obesity is introduced since outdoor play and physical activities are not of great importance to today's children anymore. Children should have a restricted amount of time on how much they are allowed to watch television or play video games so that they learn the importan t benefits of outdoor and imaginative play, ultimately resulting to a healthier lifestyle. In Marie Winn's article titled â€Å"The End of Play†, she discusses the topic of how children today are seeming to lose the sense of being a child. Compared to children of previous generations, the children of today's society have parallel interests and occupations of modern day adults. (Winn 1). They seem to be losing touch with their inner child and skipping straight to adulthood. A child a couple of decades ago would be easily distinguished from an adult due to their interests, but since then television and video games have replaced the imaginative play that children once enjoyed. (Winn 2). In Winn's article, a parent of two school-age children mentions that s... ... relationships to be shaped effectively. (Winn 29). The issues of losing the essence of being a child, the encouragement of obesity and the inability to function socially have one common factor that ties them together. They are all negatively influenced by the presence of television and video games. The regulation of television and video games has not been brought to attention until recently, but is it too late to reverse the effects it is having on the present generation of children? Not much can be done to undo the leniency society has allowed for the past couple decades except to educate the children and implement more restrictions on what is being broadcasted and marketed towards their age group. The children are a very important fundamental to society because they are, after all, the ones who will run our future and generations after the next.

Negative Effect of Media †Television Essay

Many sociologists have studied the influence of television on kids and teens, and they indicated television programs have significant, negative impacts to them. The research have showed young people spend an average of 24.6 hours (Data from News.bbc.co.uk, 2014) watching television every week, and the reports also emphasize TV programs they watch includes a vast amount of embedded advertisements. Since the young generations can easily learn from what they see and hear, they end up imitating celebrities without much thought. Watching television programs can have positive effects, but data showing the negative effects: blind imitation, change of role model, unhealthy lifestyle, and decreasing academic performance are convincing the youths. Television does affect youths’ lives, and it does influence their behavior. Studies show that â€Å"Kids who watched two or more hours of TV daily were more likely to suffer from sleep, attention and aggressive behavior problems, and externalizing of problem behaviors. (News, 2014)† In 2702 family surveys, researched by Madeline A. Dalton, director of the Hood Center for Families and Children at Dartmouth Medical School, watching television causes youths to have violent tendencies, hesitation, irresponsible sexual behaviors, and problems of dealing with others. For kids and teenagers, a short clip can be worth a thousand words for them, which means they experience certain attitudes and actions and imitate directly. Those mirrored attitudes and actions can be really bad depending on what they watch. Research not only proves that watching television has strong effect on youths’ behavior, and it also shows youths try to imitate negative role models from TV. When youths try to imitate their role models from the glamor industry, they do not have any ideas for whether they are doing right or wrong. Research done by Common Sense Media takes a look at all popular characters and have the 10 worst role models that influence kids and teens by leading them for  making decisions without appropriate behaviors. For example, June, who participated in Here Comes Honey Boo Boo, exploits her family. â€Å"While June’s messages of self-acceptance are fine, her decision to offer up her family members as examples of uncouth, uneducated, unwashed country dwellers reinforces negative stereotypes and turns them into the butt of America’s joke. (Commonsensemedia.org, 2014)† More, Ravi, one of the actors in Jessie, reinforces cultural stereotypes. â€Å"Great Ganesh! I’m a human samosa! You have aroused my ire! (Commonsensemedia.org, 2014)† These phrases can be funny but only when you are in a different culture and absolutely not a habit that parents want to encourage in their kids. Even more, â€Å"Abby Lee Miller in Dance Moms encourages unhealthy competition, Squid ward in SpongeBob Square Pants supports being selfish, and Kim Kardashian and Kris Jenner in Keeping up with the Kardashians promotes appearance over achievement (Commonsensemedia.org, 2014).† All those popularized characters on TV shows can easily draw youths’ attention and influence their decision making by showing wrong role models to them. Moreover, excessive television watching would cause health problems. Evidence from many studies recommends that the more TV young people watch, the more likely they gain a variety of health problems and to die at an earlier age. Showing in the Journal of the American Medical Association, researchers studied date from eight people who participated in the study voluntarily and concluded this, â€Å"Every additional two hours people spend on watching Television programs on a typical day, their risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases by 20% and their risk of heart disease increases by 15%. (EverydayHealth.com, 2014)† In addition, the incidence of obesity is another serious problem as an effect by spending too much time on watching television programs: â€Å"In the U.S., almost half of all children ages 2-15 exceed government recommendation, and a study conducted in 39 countries found that overall, 41 percent of children watch more than two hours of TV per day. (Obesity Prevention Source, 2012)† Studies for children ages 2 through 15 have showed watch 2 or more hours of TV per day predicts strong obesity risk as high as 14.1% for males and 17.6% for females (Data from Janne E Boone, 2007). Spending too much time on television not only can create health problems for young people, but can also cause them to have bad performance on academic work. Many studies have found the relation between television watching and academic achievement. For example, a meta-analyses of 23 studies have reported already that â€Å"the average correlation between total viewing time and academic achievement was only -0.05 (University, 2014),† which is a tiny change that has most likely no influence on youths. Since the studies show -0.05 is the measurement base on two hours per day, researchers start to figure out how many hours for youths to watch television can cause problem. More accurately data have showed that watch 2 hours or more television per day has a higher rate with decreasing achievement, and most studies have found a similar pattern. The efficient solution for avoid the negative influences of television is to reduce the time of watching. New information from various fields often bombard youths’ mind over and over again, in order to eliminate the adversely affects, young people should control the television watching time wisely and do more outdoor activities to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Furthermore, watch good educational programs that carry healthy content, engage in positive activities, and encourage audiences develop good habits and refrain from bad behaviors. Reference EverydayHealth.com 4 Bad Habits That Can Make Diabetes Worse – Diabetes Center – Everyday Health In-text: (EverydayHealth.com, 2014) Bibliography: EverydayHealth.com, (2014). 4 Bad Habits That Can Make Diabetes Worse – Diabetes Center – Everyday Health. [online] Available at: http://www.everydayhealth.com/diabetes/bad-habits-that-make-diabetes-worse.aspx [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. Obesity Prevention Source Television Watching and â€Å"Sit Time† In-text: (Obesity Prevention Source, 2012) Bibliography: Obesity Prevention Source, (2012). Television Watching and â€Å"Sit Time†. [online] Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-causes/television-and-sedentary-behavior-and-obesity/ [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. Janne E Boone, B. M. P. Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood In-text: (Janne E Boone, 2007) Bibliography: Janne E Boone, B. (2007). Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, [online] 4, p.26. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906831/figure/F1/ [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. News, A. Kids’ TV Viewing Tied to Behavioral Problems In-text: (News, 2014) Bibliography: News, A. (2014). Kids’ TV Viewing Tied to Behavioral Problems. [online] ABC News. Available at: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4508861 [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. Commonsensemedia.org 10 Worst TV Role Models of 2012 In-text: (Commonsensemedia.org, 2014) Bibliography: Commonsensemedia.org, (2014). 10 Worst TV Role Models of 2012. [online] Available at: https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/10-worst-tv-role-models-of-2012 [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. R-6: Television and Academic Achievement University, P. – The Future of Children – In-text: (University, 2014) Bibliography: University, P. (2014). – The Future of Children -. [online] Futureofchildren.org. Available at: http://futureofchildren.org/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid =32&articleid=56 §ionid=246 [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. News.bbc.co.uk BBC NEWS | Health | Child TV hours obesity risk link In-text: (News.bbc.co.uk, 2014) Bibliography: News.bbc.co.uk, (2014). BBC NEWS | Health | Child TV hours obesity risk link. [online] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4238386.stm [Accessed 7 Jun. 2014]. Negative Influences of Media http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-influences-of-media.html Impact of media use on children and youth http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792691/ The Good and Bad Effects of TV on children http://www.raisesmartkid.com/all-ages/1-articles/13-the-good-and-bad-effects-of-tv-on-your-kid TV watching raises risk of health problems, dying young http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/06/14/tv.watching.unhealthy/

Expanding New Territories in the Nineteenth Century essays

Expanding New Territories in the Nineteenth Century essays The nineteenth century saw the conquest of new territories for the United States, Great Britain and Japan. It is important to understand why these conquests were important for nation-building and why some territories were incorporated into countries, while others were created as colonial At the end of the nineteenth century, "new world powers embraced the nation-state system and territorial expansion began to emerge (wwnorton.com/worlds/index/index.htm)." It was felt that "territorial expansion complicated the needs of the nation-state by introducing a new people' outside the people defined by the nation (wwnorton.com/worlds/index/index.htm)." However, many countries such as America, Japan and Great Britain contended that the "benefits outweighed the costs (wwnorton.com/worlds/index/index.htm)." During this time, "nation-state competition for colonies led to a scramble' for land that consumed the entire globe and led to goods and people crossing borders at an incredible rate (wwnorton.com/worlds/index/index.htm)." While the colonies were given the benefits of modernization, the citizens did not receive Industrialization vs. Colonialization There were differences in the way the United States, Great Britain and Japan handled their territories. "In the Americas, elites moved to build strong nation-states based on inclusive government and territorial expansion. Expansion, however, did not involve colonialzation so much as conquest and incorporation of frontier territory into the nation-state itself (wwnorton.com/worlds/index/index.htm)." The United States was successful in creating a solid nation-state after the Civil War, and "territorial expansion provided a means of unifying the country as well as bringing prosperity to the white farmer ...

The eNotes Blog Dont Mess With the New Oxford AmericanDictionary

Dont Mess With the New Oxford AmericanDictionary In the cut-throat world of lexicography Wait what? When you think of industries laying traps for potential predatory and purloining practices, its unlikely you would assume the people who compile dictionaries are on the lookout for thieves. But they are. Just like any form of plagiarism, taking an idea that is not your own and presenting it as original is unethical, explains Editor-in-Chief Erin McKean. So the  New American Oxford Dictionary, and others, sometimes set traps for those who do not bother to do their own legwork. Way back in 2001, the NOAD included the made-up word esquivalence, and defined it as the willful avoidance of ones official responsibilities; the shirking of duties.   The editors did everything they could to make the word legit, including using it in a sentence: After three subordinates attested to his esquivalience, Lieutenant Claiborne was dismissed. And tracing its etymology to the late 19th Century, perhaps from French esquiver, dodge, slink away.' The word is especially sweet to Christine Lindberg, the editor who invented the word. She explains: I wanted the word to suggest character weaknesses, and words like   quivering and `vacillating went through my mind and became the glob of brain putty that eventually got fashioned into esquivalience.' NOAD didnt have to leave their fishing line in the water long. The bait of esquivalence was soon gobbled up by Dictionary.com, who credited Websters New Millennium Dictionary of English (electronic edition).   Dictionary.com removed the word, but even ten years later, Google still turns up three separate sources offering definitions. So now the question is, when does a not-word become a real word? Lindberg says she uses it frequently and has an affection for her invention: â€Å"I especially like the critical, judgmental tone I can get out of it.   Sounds literate and nasty all in one breath. I like that.† What happens to those who get caught? Not much. Sometimes fines for copyright infringement, but embarrassment is the primary punishment for those esquivalient little weasels.

Role of the American Government in Creating the Conditions for the Term Paper

Role of the American Government in Creating the Conditions for the Emergence of the Financial Crisis - Term Paper Example This paper discusses how the US government’s requirements for the banking system to provide affordable housing led to a global economic crisis. The greatest mortgage crisis scandal is possibly that it directly resulted from intentional loosening of underwriting standards. This was with the objective of ending discrimination, despite warnings that it could culminate into extensive defaults. Loans were at the core of the financial crisis, which were made with practically non-existing underwriting standards. There was no asset or income verification, no down payment and there was little consideration of the applicants’ ability to repay Relaxed underwriting standards implied that there would be a considerable reduction or removal of assets, income, savings and credit history as well as the overall repayment capability from the equation. This is in addition to permitting products that avoided the criteria for basic good lending practices. Banks did not come up with the idea of loosening underwriting standards. The regulators, at ‘progressive’ political forces and community groups’ behest, loosened them. This encouraged lenders to offer products and underwrite loans impartially, irrespective of the borrower’s repayment capability and financial soundness Due to globalization and currency integration such as dollarization, goods and services, stock and financial markets, trade and housing have close inter-connection globally, resulting into greater global interdependence. As one of the world’s largest economies, any slowdown in the economy of the United States will inexorably spread to other countries. This is exactly what happened leading to the rapid spread of a severe financial crisis around the world.

How does Social learning theory positively impact the training program Literature review - 1

How does Social learning theory positively impact the training program - Literature review Example The social learning theory, as postulated by Albert Bandura, has been applied widely in organizations as the most appropriate way of allowing employees to acquire the desired skills, knowledge and abilities. This paper presents a review of past research on the application of the social learning theory in a training project for employees within organizations. The paper aims at demonstrating the models, theories and factors which are involved in the social learning theory approach within a training project. Social Learning Theory In accordance with the works of Bandura on the social learning theory, it is postulated that employees or individuals within organizations learn appropriately and effectively within the context of a social environment (Harris & Kleiner, 1993). The learning or training that applies the social learning theory and approach is achieved through learning concepts and models such as observation and modeling (Knights & Willmott, 2007). As a result, various models have been put forth and applied in training projects. This is because the application of models in training programs and projects has been described as the most effective way of achieving change in behavior within organizations or companies (Boyce, 2011). However, past research has demonstrated heated debate on the effectiveness of social learning theory in meeting the training needs of an organization. The critics of the theory base their arguments that the models used within the social learning theory are not as effective and efficient as they are presented by the theory’s proponents (Clarke & Caffarella, 1999). On the other hand, reports of scientific investigation reflect a recommendation for organizations to employ the social learning theory as a learning tool within its training projects (Kalliath, Brough, O'Driscoll, Manimala, & Siu, 2010). Such research is backed by evidence and illustrations on the effectiveness of the theory in achieving the goals and objectives of trai ning projects within small, medium size and large organizations. In the light of these observations, the literature review within this paper will analyze, evaluate and discuss past research on this theory in relation to its application in promoting the effectiveness of learning projects within organizations. Workplace Training and Employee Development The focus of many researchers has been within various aspects of the contemporary knowledge community or society. As a result, past researchers commonly refer to the modern knowledge society as post-capitalism, post-Fordism or post-industrialism (Boyce, 2011). Nonetheless, many researchers who investigate the role of social learning theory in organizational training refer to the contemporary knowledge society as late-capitalism and post-modernity (Bartol, Tein, Matthews, & Martin, 2005). The models within the observational learning approach, as postulated by Bandura in his social learning theory, have specifically attracted the attenti on of researchers. According to Bandura’s social learning theory, a live model is an observational approach which is a description of an individual who is depicting the desired characteristics and behavior. Researchers

Clinical Case Study (Community Nursing in Aged Care,Gerontology) Essay

Clinical Case Study (Community Nursing in Aged Care,Gerontology) - Essay Example According to Ford (2004), elderly have been increasingly the focus of health and social care policy, particularly on their continuing needs of care, which are met in a variety of setting such as their own home, supported housing, residential care, nursing home or hospital. Mrs. Howard, a 72 year old widow, is referred by a concerned neighbor. At the time of visit, it is noted that Mrs Howard is slow to answer the door, and dressed with unkempt appearance. Her house is tidy but her bedroom is unmade. Her gait is slow but steady. It is noted that the refrigerator of Mrs. Howard has no food, and the kitchen is tidy. Mrs. Howard’s medication are sitting on the kitchen bench. Mrs. Howard complained of feeling very tired and she is having difficulty getting out of bed in the morning. She added that she has to get up to the toilet at nighttime. She has not been feeling hungry and has lost a little weight, hasn’t been preparing meals, has not been out for shopping or visiting friends in a few weeks. Mrs. Howard gets confused about how many tablets to take. Her medications were Lanoxin 125, Naprosyn 250 mg, Urex 20 mg, Mylantas, Agarol, Panadol, and Garlic. In older clients, the possibility of developing adverse drug events is increased for the reason that several co – morbidities are observed in the elderly whom multiple medications are prescribed (Hamilton et al., 2009; Woodhouse, 1997). Hamilton et al. (2009) added that this risk is compounded by changes related to age such as physiology and composition of the body influencing drug handling and response. It is also important to note that as the person grows old, the sleeping pattern changes as well. A marked heterogeneity in health status and functional capacity in the elderly makes decisions in prescribing more complex and challenging (Hamilton et al., 2009). The following are the drugs prescribed to Mrs.

Theoretical Frameworks or Perspectives in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Frameworks or Perspectives in Psychology Essay Initially psychology was developed using the mental thinking expressed by persons interested in developing the subject of psychology. But John B. Watson differed from that approach and he pioneered the approach in which visible behavior and visible environmental stimulus became the subject of study. B. F. Skinner developed this behavioristic framework further by bringing in the contingent environmental consequences. Behavior is not the outcome of stimulus alone, but it is an outcome determined by the stimulus as well as the contingent environmental consequences of a behavior. This means, there are alternative behaviors for the same stimulus and which behavior is exhibited by a person depends on expected environmental consequences. Cognitive perspective on psychology have developed by arguing that human beings are capable of thinking and concepts related to thinking must be brought into the subject of psychology whose objective is to explain behavior. Even though, one cannot see or observe thinking, still developing concepts related to thinking and using the concepts to explain behavior is required in psychology. Even though one cannot see or observe gravitation, the concept of gravitation is a useful concept in physics. Similarly, concepts related to thinking or cognition are to be developed and used in psychology was the argument of propopents of congitive approach to psychology. The perspectives in psychology have influenced the development of organizational behavior. Cognitive Framework Cognitive approach emphasizes the positive and freewill aspects of human behavior and uses concepts such as expectancy, demand, and intention. Cognition can be simply defined as the act of knowing an item of information. In cognitive framework, cognitions precede behavior and constitute input into the person’s thinking, perception, problem solving, and information processing. The work of Edward Tolman can be used to represent the cognitive theoretical approach. According to Tolman, learning consists of the expectancy that a particular event will lead to a particular consequence. This cognitive concept of expectancy implies that organism is thinking about, or is conscious or aware of the goal and result of a behavior exhibited by it. It means that a person desires a goal and also knows the behavior that will lead to achievement of the goals. In the subject of organizational behavior, cognitive approach dominates the units of analysis such as perception, personality and attitudes, motivation, behavioral decision making and goal setting. Behavioristic Framework Pioneer behaviorists Ivan Pavlov and Jon B. Watson stressed the importance of studying observable behaviors instead of the elusive mind. They advocated that behavior could be best understood in terms of stimulus and response (S-R). They examined the impact of stimulus and felt that learning occurred when the S-R connection was made. Modern behaviorism, that marks its beginning with B. F. Skinner, advocates that behavior in response to a stimulus is contingent on environmental consequences. Thus, it is important to note that behaviortistic approach is based on observable behavior and environmental variables (which are also observable). Social Cognitive Framework Social learning theory takes the position that behavior can best be explained in terms of a continuous reciprocal interaction among cognitive, behavioral, and environmental determinants. The person and the environmental situation do not function as independent units but, in conjunction with behavior itself, reciprocally interact to determine behavior. It means that cognitive variables and environmental variables are relevant, but the experiences generated by previous behavior also partly determine what a person becomes and can do, which, in turn, affects subsequently behavior. A persons cognition or understanding changes according to the experience of consequences of past behavior. Bandura developed social learning theory into the more comprehensive social cognitive theory (SCT). Stajkovic and Luthans have translated this SCT into the theoretical framework for organizational behavior. Social cognitive theory recognizes the importance of behaviorism’s contingent environmental consequences, but also includes cognitive processes of self regulation. The social part acknowledges the social origins of much of human thought and action (what individual learns from society), whereas the cognitive portion recognizes the influential contribution of thought processes to human motivation, attitudes, and action. In social cognitive theoretical framework, organizational participants are at the same time both products and producers of their personality, respective environments, and behaviors. The participants as a group of produce the environment, every individual is a product of the enironment and through his behavior changes the environment for others as well as for himself, every individual is a product of his personality, but also influences his personality as consequence of results of his behavior.

Understanding The Road To A Liberal Democracy Politics Essay

Understanding The Road To A Liberal Democracy Politics Essay There were fundamental changes in the world of politics in 1989 and 1990 with the collapse of evil empires that had ruled since the end of the Second World War. The hegemony of the Soviet Union came to an end in Eastern Europe and at the same time the apartheid regime of the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa began a process of democratization. In 1990, Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), was released after being imprisoned for 27 years and South Africas first non-racial democratic elections were held four years later. The ANC later went on to gain the votes of the majority that led to the formation of an interim government of national unity under Nelson Mandelas presidency in 1994. It seemed like a miracle but unlike miracles, political processes are susceptible to analysis. Firstly, this paper aims to describe South Africas passage from a racial oligarchy to a multi racial democracy. This segment provides a brief narrative regarding the historical context of African democratization. Secondly, the paper will analyze the various political factors involved in the democratization process and how they fit into the theoretical framework of Huntingtons typology of democratic transition. This section will also focus on the prevalent conditions within South Africa in order to determine what triggered the transition process. Through this, the paper will seek to answer the question of how and why democracy emerged. Finally, the paper will analyze the consolidation process of South Africa by looking at the prevalent state of her democracy. In order to accurately ascertain the level of democracy and hence, gauge whether South Africa has undergone a consolidation process, various aspects of the democracy have been described. South Africas Journey to Democracy Three transitions occurred in South Africa since the mid 1970s: transitions through transformation, after regime breakdown and through replacement respectively.  [1]   Transition through Transformation Huntington defined transformation as a process wherein the government in the authoritarian regime took the lead in ending that regime and changing it into a democratic system  [2]  . Backward legitimacy is defined as attempts of democratizing governments to legitimize a preexisting authoritarian order by insisting that the latter give birth to a new order.  [3]   In South Africa, the existing government insisted in procedural continuity and at the same time promoted backward legitimacy. Both P.W. Botha and Gorbachev introduced new rules and laws that granted more rights and freedom to the Blacks. They included legalizing black trade unions, permitting blacks to acquire freehold title, providing for electing Black township councils and creating houses of parliament for the colored and Asians but not for the Blacks  [4]  . However, these new rules and laws were not meant to fundamentally change the political system in the country but mainly to bolster the existing political system so as to make it more acceptable to all societies. Bothas reformed government attempted to neutralize standpatter opposition by weakening and reassuring them.  [5]   Transition after Regime Breakdown The ANC in exile held the assumption that the breakdown of the apartheid regime would eventually lead to the black rule. They were wrong. According to the ideology that the ANC held, South Africa was representing colonialism of a special type. Therefore, they felt that the ending of oppression would come in the form of decolonization. Despite a series of talks between the De Klerk government and the ANC, the latter continued to contend that negotiations and revolutionary transformations were not incompatible. There was a comprehensive breakdown of the authoritarian regime in the transitions of Greece, Romania and Argentina due to the disaffection of a part of the military. The military junta did not hold a major social base in the society. The situation in South Africa was different because the military remained loyal to the government; there were no defections to the ANC and the government rested on the social base of the white community. The white did not support the ANC. As of 1993, white support still remained below 5 percent  [6]  . Transition as Transplacement Huntington defines the transplacement process as a transition negotiated between the reformers within the government and the moderates of the opposition. In such a process, there is a balance of power between the opposition and the government. Dominant groups on both sides realize that they are equally incapable of determining the nature of the future political system alone and hence must co-operate with each other to achieve smooth transfer of power. In the transition process within South Africa, this can be seen in the various negotiations that took place within the government and the ANC between 1980 and 1994. Most of the negotiations in the first 3 years after the legalization of the ANC were focused on the cessation of the armed struggle, neutrality of the security forces and controlling of the escalating violence in the townships. For example, in a negotiation between the ANC and the government, it was agreed that white and other minorities had to articulate their values and interest through an alliance or a party. The ANC and other parties also entered constitutional negotiations in 1991 and finally accepted the principle of a government national unity. The ANC accepted constitutional continuity, proportional representation and the idea that a future constituent assembly would not have complete freedom to draw up a constitution but rather adhere to broad principles negotiated beforehand. There were 3 stages in the negotiating phase of transition to liberal democracy in South Africa.  [7]  In the first stage, both the government and the ANC were forced to the negotiating table by economic and international factors, which will be discussed in-depth later. However, both sides were reluctant to fully accept the need to compromise on the means of negotiation, whether to choose a multi-party conference or constituent assembly, or the model of democracy to be pursued. The NP believed that negotiations could control the pace and limit the scope of democratization because the balance of power was still on its side. The ANC, on the other hand, was keen on ending the white rule by relinquishing the power that the government had without making concessions in return. The state of the economy deteriorated and the level of violence within the country escalated, especially among the blacks. The lack of legitimacy of the police force and the easy availability of firearms resulted in high level of criminal violence within the country. Protagonists on all sides manipulated the force both legally and illegally so as to impede or influence the outcome of negotiations  [8]  . Discussions on the terms for negotiation were broken off because ANC felt that de Klerk had failed to control anti-ANC violence. It was necessary to reduce the level of violence in the country for talks to begin again. This was done by including other interest groups, particularly the Inkatha Freedom Party that was responsible for most of the attacks, in the negotiation process. The second stage of negotiations, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) showed how far South Africa was from the ideal of a transition pact by à ©lites. The ANC withdrew from the negotiations due to the influence of the institutions of apartheid, causing the CODESA to collapse in mid 1992. Both the NP and the Inkatha wanted substantial agreement over a constitution before a constituent assembly was elected and a protracted transition of at least ten years. The ANC, however, wanted a constituent assembly and freedom to write the constitution. It was fearful of being locked in the interim government for indefinite duration where their decisions to improve the country would be hindered to a large extent. In the final stage of negotiations, the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum appeared to conform more closely to the idea of a pact between the old and the new elites. There was a lack of progress by negotiators and the ANC adopted a policy of rolling mass action, which pushed the leadership into a more military stance. The level of violence in the country escalated and the state of the economy worsened. As a result of the incident, the NPs support among all prospective voters in the republic fell from 25 percent in July 1992 to 14 percent in April 1993  [9]  .The ANC made gains by forcing the relegation of Inkatha to the position of a minor player. Both the ANC and the NP were convinced that it was necessary to reach a bilateral agreement due to the internal conditions of the country. This agreement could be used as a framework to constrain the disruptive potential of the Inkatha Freedom Party. On 5 March 1993, a new Multi-Party Negotiating Forum began its deliberation. There was a power-sharing system in which all parties receiving more than 5 percent of the votes would be given seats in cabinet in proportion to their strength and there was a substantial devolution of power to the provinces. Also, it was decided that elections would be held for a constituent assembly, which would also serve as an interim government for five years. All parties were to play a role in the drafting of the constitution and the bill of rights that formulated the general constitutional principles. The government was to remain the highest authority between the adoption of the constitution and the holding of elections but they had to consult closely with an all-party authority.  [10]  The ANC were willing to promote black advancement via affirmative action and restitution of losses sustained under the apartheid at the cost of reducing the notion of nationalization. South Africas transition from an authoritarian rule to a liberal democracy was finally consummated in the April 1994 elections. The elections allowed the participation of all South Africans, regardless of background, to participate in the democratic process of choosing their own rulers. There were many challenges that hindered the democratic process in the country- voting had to be extended for several days in order to satisfy voter demand and the reliability of the election results were highly skeptical. Nevertheless, the independent Electoral Commission declared the contest substantially free and fair and an outcome that all parties came to accept and celebrate. South Africas Transition: An Analysis Having described the events that led to South Africas transition, it is now important to analyze these events in the context of political science discourse. This segment of the paper now turns to analyze some of the important conditions that led to the transition in South Africa at that time. Causes of the South African Transition International Influences Withdrawal of Superpower support from the African government South Africa needed the support of the West but the latter was only prepared to give if internal concession allowed the economy to stabilize. The collapse of Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War removed South Africas bargaining power as a surrogate for the USA in the fight against communism in South Africa and the USSR financial support for the supply of arms to the ANC. This led to the NP and the ANC coming to the negotiating table. Introduction of Political Conditions for Western Development Assistance Due to the reasons stated above, the economy kept shrinking. Hence, the government was forced to seek political accommodation with the West. By the end of the 1980, the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe deprived the ANC of its main source of political, economic and military support  [11]  . There was increasing pressure to negotiate the limitations of the strategies of armed struggle and mass insurrection and the success of town level negotiations within the country itself due to pressure by Soviet Union and neighboring African states. Diffusion of mass pro-democracy protests The Second World War led to the development of new classes due to changes in the economic structure of the country. There was strong international emphasis on human rights and freedom. The Western governments indicated that political reform was a necessary condition for further assistance rendered to South Africa. Western governments gave due importance to democracies and encouraged countries to move towards greater pluralism, accountability, respect for human rights and the rule of law  [12]  . Economic conditions Perhaps some of the more important factors leading to democratization emerged as foreign sanctions played an integral role in influencing the economic pressures. South Africa was not able to provide a safe environment for local businesses to invest in and for the country to enjoy economic growth despite having enough investment capital. The gross domestic product (GDP) of South Africa declined from 5.7 percent from 1960 to 1.5 percent in 1980  [13]  . At the same time, South Africa was experiencing a budget deficit in the balance of payment as the government consumer spending rose sharply from 15 percent to 21 percent in 1991 so as to increase the employment level in the country. Private investment and the employment rate among the Blacks fell. The number of new jobs created decreased substantially from 448000 in the 1960s to 28000 in the 1980s  [14]  . This resulted in a wave of strikes across the country as existing black unions strengthened and encouraged the formation of others who wanted to end the apartheid in the 1980s.The government had to increasingly borrow money from other countries to cope with the administrative demands of the fast growing Black population and to mollify the white population who worked for the public sector causing the country to experience drastic budget deficits. The disinvestment sanction played a role in ensuring that no apartheid government could roll back sanctions in the industrialized world as state in the U.S. Congress adoption in 1986 of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. But countries refused to provide sanctions to South Africa unless she democratized. International pressure was brought on both the NP and the ANC and a UN mission headed by former US Secretary of Stae Cyrus Vance, was dispatched to South Africa to make it clear that the economic position of the country will not improve unless an agreement has been reached  [15]  . Combined, these factors meant that that there were few options for the parties involved other than to engage in the final transplacement that took place. Has democracy in South Africa been consolidated? Democratic consolidation goes beyond the mere survival of democratic institutions; it requires that participants hold themselves accountable to the rules of democracy, eschewing patronage and corruption  [16]  . This segment will now turn to assessing the quality of democracy in South Africa presently by utilizing Diamonds checklist of democratic quality to correctly conclude if democratic consolidation is possible in the future. The higher the quality of democracy, the more stable the democratic institutions and the likelier consolidation will take place  [17]  . Quality democracy is defined as one which satisfies citizen expectations regarding governance (quality of results); allows citizens, associations, and communities to enjoy extensive liberty and political equality (quality of content); and provide a context in which the whole citizenry can judge the governments performance through mechanisms such as elections, while governmental institutions and officials hold one another legally and constitutionally accountable as well (procedural quality)  [18]  . The state of democracy in South Africa will be assessed based on the following variables: Accountability Accountability is defined by the obligations of elected political leaders to answer for their political decisions when asked by votes and constitutional bodies. Horizontal accountability goes between different branches of the government while vertical accountability goes from leaders to citizens. Vertical accountability is the obligation of elected political leaders to answer for their political decisions when asked by voters or constitutional bodies  [19]  . In this aspect, South Africa seems to score rather low despite constitutional bodies monitoring each others actions and citizens being able to exercise their rights to remove leaders from powers through elections. South Africa was ranked 55 out of 180 countries surveyed in Transparency Internationals 2009 Corruption Perception Index. For example, 920 government officials were charged with corruption linked with housing fraud in November 2009 by the Human Settlement Department  [20]  . There have also been corruption charges against the current president Jacob Zuma. Competition In a democracy, there must be free, regular and fair elections held. An indicator of quality democracy is the additional attribute of competitiveness: the ease at which incumbents can be defeated and the equality of different political parties in access to mass media and campaign funding  [21]  . Since 1994, there have only been 4 elections held in South Africa. The ruling party, ANC, has dominated electoral politics and has been winning supermajorities in every democratic election. However, parties such as the Congress of People (COPE), the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) and the Democratic Alliance (DA) are increasingly gaining support from traditional voters. The electoral process is generally fair but the state-owned South African Broadcasting Corporation has been accused of being pro-ANC  [22]  . Equality Legal and political equality is essential in a democracy. Active prohibitions against unfairness must check all efforts to discriminate invidiously on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, political orientation, or other extraneous conditions  [23]  . All South Africans enjoy legal equality and political rights under the constitution. However racial imbalance still persists in workplace and majority of the countrys business assets are still white owned. Equal rights for women are guaranteed by the constitution and promoted by the Commission on Gender Equality. Despite a robust legal framework, South Africa still has one of the worlds highest rates on sexual abuse  [24]  . Wage discrimination prevails in the workplace and women are not well represented in the top management positions. As of 2010, women hold 45 percent of seats in the National Assembly and lead 5 out of 9 provincial governments. Also, the premier of Western Cape Province and the main leader of the DA party is lead by Helen Zille  [25]  . Freedom There are basically 3 types of rights: political, civil and social  [26]  . In South Africa, in addition to the political rights already mentioned, the constitution caters for the freedom of religion, academic freedom, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, the press, speech and expression. The Freedom House rated South Africa as free with a political right and civil liberties score of 2. However, according to Amnesty International, problems have emerged with allegations of police torture and excessive force during arrest, interrogation and detention  [27]  . Participation Democratic Quality is regarded highly when there is extensive participation in voting, political parties, and the civil society and in the discussion and monitoring of public officials and policy. All rights necessary for political participation including those deemed necessary by Dahl have been enshrined in the constitution of South Africa. In terms of the civil society, more than 6000 groups have been formed in South Africa, many of them mostly non-governmental organizations. Voter participation has increased to 77% in the 2009 elections up from 75% in 2004. Rule of Law Everyone is equal before the law, which is fairly and consistently applied to all by an independent judiciary. The laws need to be clear, known to all, universal, stable and no retroactive. Also, laws are democratic when the legal system defends civil and political rights and procedures as well as reinforces the authority of other agencies of horizontal accountability that ensure the legality and propriety of official actions  [28]  . The system of justice in South Africa generally conforms to all of the above requirements concerning the rule of law. Judicial independence is guaranteed by the constitution and the courts operate with substantial autonomy. In South Africa, there are barriers to the assessment of justice system, poor court management and the lack of efficiency, thus affecting the delivery of justice. Also, there is a question of representation of all sectors of the society. Many people feel that the justice system within the country still reflects South African colonial and apartheid legacy. Tension will exist between the judicial and the executive and legislative branches in South Africa, as a result of the problems created by legacies of apartheid. Responsiveness Responsiveness is partly related to the aspect of accountability. A responsive democratic government is defined as one that has been induced to make and implement policies that the citizens want  [29]  . In South Africa, the infancy of democratic institutions seems to have led to the government being less than optimally responsive., The people were especially unhappy with council performance at integrating citizens into the agenda-setting and decision- making processes of local self-government. Only about one third feels that these leaders listen regularly to what their constituents have to say. The others either listen occasionally or dont bother at all. However, local councilors are seen as more responsive than leaders elected to national political office  [30]  . Conclusion There are many areas within the South African government that still lack reform. Further consolidation is required for this new fledgling democracy is necessary. Threats to consolidation and room for improvement of the quality of democracy still remain. Nonetheless, democracy seems to be commonly accepted by the Whites and Blacks in South Africa after democratization indicating perhaps that democratic institutions are here to stay and democratic consolidation is possible in the future years.